Electronic Health Record Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electronic Health Record - Assignment Example It is an open wellspring of data on medicinal services (particularly HIV) in creating nations of Africa. It depends on the data of different records refreshed in the EMR which are then refined and investigated in the EHR. This framework is best in class innovation. It covers pretty much every component that would assist with keeping up the record of any individual or nation. It is additionally an easy to use framework, which permits a client to uninhibitedly meander about in different interfaces. The adaptability offered by this framework is additionally another element which makes it increasingly alluring, clinical help data could be access in the remotest of the geological locales (Mamlin et al., 2006). The beginning up, upkeep and usage cost of this item can be irksome. Start-up and usage cost is very high and it requires colossal totals of cash in the beginning stage, however with the progression of time, it gets less expensive as the support cost isn't excessively high, which are additionally a portion of its greatest negative marks. ‘Concept Dictionary’ is the possibility that OpenMRS depends on. The thought is to store helpful clinical data, for example, clinical discoveries, lab results and even the financial information. The idea is amazingly effective as it turns out to be generally simple to refresh the informational index if another malady is included, there is no requirement for change, in addition to sharing of this clinical data is likewise exceptionally advantageous. The secluded development of OpenMRS is the genuine advantage that separates it from other walking EHR gadgets. Its convenience likewise remembers the office of putting it for a solitary PC or on a huge server and works with all major working frameworks like Mac OS X, Windows and Linux.eMIX represents Electronic Medical Information Exchange and depends on the idea of distributed computing (Leslie, 2012), where one could oversee, recover and update data in a server without really associating with it, through the methods for web or online devices and application. eMIX is created to address the test of sharing the clinical pictures starting with one interface then onto the next, while they are not on a similar system of a server.

Critical Thinking Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basic Thinking Questions - Assignment Example A reference source utilized in a paper must be dependable to be convincing and the position it has makes the source progressively trustworthy and usable. Essential sources give direct data about the subject of research while Secondary Sources give data that has been examined somewhere else. Anyway Primary and Secondary sources are relative terms and can be depicted according to the utilization of the data. It is portrayed that â€Å"a paradox is typically erroneous thinking in argumentation bringing about a misconception.† An intelligent false notion is one which is a legitimate blemish in the contention because of which the contention gets invalid. A post hoc is a genuine case of consistent false notion where individuals attempt to connect occasions and reason ends with out thinking about the other pertinent components. A commonplace exposition incorporates theory proclamation, presentations, body passages and end. The presentation of the exposition must be deductive in natur e and introduced correctly. A decent presentation incorporates subject of the article and the foundation data with respect to it. The theory articulation is generally introduced in one single explanation and creator shows his perspective that will be later demonstrated in the body sections through a coherent chain of contentions. A proposition articulation never poses an inquiry yet shows a perspective. A decision contains a passage and finishes up the contentions introduced in the body sections. The decision is fundamentally an outline of the article. A counter-contention is an explanation given by your resistance. The counter-contentions are utilized in theory to be assessed on rationale and afterward replied. Advances are utilized to interface various sections and give a total image of the exposition. c. Reconciliation of Evidence: What is the contrast between rewording, synopsis and direct statements?

Enterprise Systems and Innovation Research Paper - 1650 Words

Enterprise Systems and Innovation (Research Paper Sample) Content: How the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s enterprise systems can be used to deliver value in Innovation areaNameCourseProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstitutionExecutive SummaryThis report provides an analysis of the enterprise systems and the organizational innovation. It investigates if the enterprise system has an effect on the organizational processes and innovation. The report presents the issue of innovation as a process that involves the implementation of novel thoughts, creating vibrant products as well as improving the existing services. It also shows how enterprise system fosters the innovation process of an organization. Because of the financial transactions that are automated, as well as the time required for the reconciliation of financial data, an enterprise system is an important component that reduces the required time and aids in the automation of transactions. Enterprise systems based on IT synchronize as well as incorporate information flow, and improve business planning as well as other operations of an organization. This enables the management to make critical decision on the business operations. Using case studies on the combination of data within and across the industries as well as the trading of data, the result indicates that enterprise system foster the possibility of organizations generating innovational process. It also demonstrates that through the application of the enterprise system, all the relevant agencies are connected with a common IT system which is an important element in the innovation process. Through the enterprise system the management can be able to inspection data at the instance or the cumulative level. The case studies also shows that the enterprise system standardizes the activities of the business resulting to the improvement of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s operationsIntroductionIncluding a wide range of software products that support daily operations of the business and decision-making, an enterprise system is company-wide business software that is devoted to assimilating certain processes in the value chain (Cantwell Molero zayas, 2010). However, several firms have leveraged the broader systems of the enterprise to the area of innovation. According to Piazolo Felderer (2013), thus, the enterprise systems foster the innovational behavior. This is because enterprise system advances the introduction of the enhancements of the firm that facilitates the generation of innovation. Innovation of the business units is enhanced when they reach a network position which is more centralized since it enables them to get new knowledge assessment that are obtained from other units. The enterprise system fits into this context perfectly as it enables the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ capabilities of intern network through the provision of a centralized database with accessibility to the business units and workers as well as fastening the links between them.This report provides an understanding of how enterprise systems have an impact on the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s innovation performance. This will be done in the understanding of innovation as well as ways through which enterprise systems fosters innovation by various organizations. To have a better understanding of how the enterprise systems of a firm can be applied to deliver value in the area of innovation, this report will look at two study cases one on the combination of data within and across the industries in the city of Bolzano, North Italy and the other on data trading on the partnership of Vodafone and TomTom. This report is prepared to the management of the organization and its main objective is to ensure that the organization leverages its enterprise systems in the area of innovation as how other firms are doing.Enterprise System and InnovationInnovation refers to the act of changing or coming up with processes, ideas as well as products that are more effective, enhancing the possibility of organizational success (Cantwell Molero zayas, 2010). More creative firms come up with an efficient work processes amid enhanced performance as well as productivity. This involves the implementation of novel thoughts, creating vibrant products as well as improving the existing services. Usually, innovation is a mechanism for the success of the growth of an organization since it helps in the adaptation of the market. Cantwell Molero zayas (2010) further argues that application of the enterprise system foster innovation in different ways: The broader database of the firm that is generated as well as updated by the enterprise system gives the workers the required data in real-time. This makes "data mining" obsolete as it enables the employees to be more innovative as well as flexible. According to Canducci Missikoff (2015), in a great way, enterprise systems offer strategic benefits and create extra business innovations, for instance, through allowing fresh market strategies as well as creating new chain processes. Varajao et al. (2012) arg ues that through the application of enterprise system, all departments of an organization can obtain information regarding the required resources in time, thus bottleneck as well as idle time is greatly minimized. Also, the enterprise system creates an appropriate as well as the flexible environment of working where lifecycles of the products and the usage of the resources are indicated in real-time. Hence, room for innovation and improving the process is identified easily enhancing the organizational growth. According to Sheshinski et al., (2006), it is also important to note that updating the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s broad database in real time, it makes it possible for the innovational results to be compared, pictured as well as controlled, giving even more improvement room.Combining data within and across the industries study caseIn the city of Bolzano, North Italy where the population comprises majority of the retired people with strain on the social as well as health services, IBM, wh ile working in the city, came up with a sensor network in the home that check not only conditions including water usage and the temperature but also the composition of the "normal" patterns of behavior such as regular time of cooking (Parmar et al., 2014). System abnormality triggers to the relatives to check the whereabouts of the seniors and alert the relevant authorities if necessary. Through the application of the enterprise system, all the relevant agencies are connected with a common IT system. This innovation by the IBM has lowered drastically the costs associated with assistance as well as care. Cross-sector initiatives are also being spearheaded in other cities of the country. Parmar et al. (2014) reiterates that this innovation on the combination of data within as well as across the industry has been set up by the authority of Greater London to inspire new ways of undertaking business. The agile urban logistics project has been launched to manage the congestion in roadways brought by a sizable increase regarding the small vans that deliver packages from the e-retailer to the residents of the city. Al-hakim Jin, (2010) argues that this enterprise system project joins the deliveries of data from the retailers with traffic situation data as well as the optimization software. The main objective is the encouragement of the private sector to come up with fresh business models including services in shared delivery in particular areas. Some organizations including the Walmart and the Dell have effectively incorporated data across their supply chain through the majority of the supply system remain quite uncoordinated. Innovation in IT through the system enterprise can greatly address this problem (Parmar et al., 2014). For example, in the auto industry, there is a need for careful deliberation on the temperature of water regarding the manufacturing plants using water to cool their machines. According to Qingrui (2012), application of enterprise system to obt ain reliable data on the water temperature of the upstream makes a meaningful contribution to the efficiency of the plant. In Germany, there is the integration of data across one industry i.e. healthcare by a new business to improve effectiveness. Usually, practices of medical and dental have applied various formats for payment request from the companies of insurance. According to Mcmaster (2010), the new service that combines data within and across the industries directly collects the necessary information from the scheme of the IT system of the practices hence leading to the privacy safeguarding and data cleaning, which is ultimately delivered in its obligatory format to each firm of insurance. According to Canducci et a., (2015), through the application of this innovation, the insurers are able to automate the process of payment as well as verify the billing for any form of fraud.Data trading study caseThrough the use of enterprise system, separate sets of desperate data can comb ined to enable firms to come up with a number of new innovations to the adjacent businesses. In the recent case, there was a partnership of Vodafone as well as the satellite navigation devices and services provider referred as TomTom (Parmar et al., 2014). Since Vodafone has a mobile network, it can be able to identify the subscribers that are driving, their location as well as the speed at which they are moving. According to Parmar et al. (2014), this kind of data can be applied to identify traffic jams that are extremely valuable information to TomTom obtained from Vodafone. This innovation on the usage of the cell phone data has triggered the improvement in transit as well as management of traffic in a commercial manner. Through the application of enterprise system, there is a usage of data trading by the methodological office of the UK, Grantham Institute of Climate change, IBM and the imperial college aiming at the creation of ...

What Makes a Moon a Moon Definition of a Moon

Reconstruction Of The Civil War - 1108 Words

Reconstructing America’s Mindset Although the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Reconstruction brought great hope to America’s four million former slaves, the efforts of Congressional Reconstruction ultimately failed to establish equal rights for the freedmen because the racist mindset still dominated American society at the time and Democratic influence steadily overcame Republican control in Congress. Despite the Union’s victory, the end of the Civil War brought many significant national problems, including an economically and culturally devastated South and the protection of the freedmen. After a period of Reconstruction under Lincoln and then under Andrew Johnson, it was Congress’s turn to determine the path of Reconstruction. While the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment and the Emancipation Proclamation were large steps in the freedmen’s road to equality, it was never going to be that easy to attain true equality for all. The Southerners’ mindset was still fixated on the idea that freedmen were naturally inferior. A major obstacle for in the pursuit of equality for the freedmen was overcoming the commonly accepted belief that blacks were naturally subordinate to whites. After the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, many radical Republicans began to argue for equal voting rights for freedmen as for whites. However, many people opposed this idea, such as Pennsylvania Congressman Benjamin Boyer, who said â€Å"[the Negro is] a race by nature inferiorShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War and Reconstruction1315 Words   |  5 Pages Reconstruction The main issue between the states that seceded from the Union and those that remained in the former unity was that of states rights, of which the right for citizens to own slaves was of primary concern. It is often argued that one or the other was the main reason for the conflict, but they both played a major part because the people of the Northern United States and the Southern states of the nation lived such different lives. It is true that people in the North had owned slavesRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War951 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 11 7 May 2015 Reconstruction In the beginning of 1865, the Civil War came to a close, abandoning over 620,000 dead and a destructive path of devastating all over the south. The North now was confronted with the task of reconstructing the destroyed and aggrieved Confederate states. On April 11, two days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s submission, President Abraham Lincoln delivered his last public address, during which he designated a merciful Reconstruction plans and encouraged sympathyRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War847 Words   |  4 Pages Microtheme One - Reconstruction The Reconstruction happened in period following the end of the American Civil and the main goal was to reintegrate the Southern Confederate States back into the Union after they had been defeated by the Union (Northern States). As would be expected, the process was met with many challenges as the interests of both groups had to be addressed. There was debate over the terms under which the Confederate States would be allowed back into the Union, and whether it wasRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction977 Words   |  4 Pagescalled the Reconstruction period â€Å"America’s Second Revolution†, his characterization was correct. Reconstruction can be viewed as a revolution because the previous social order, slavery, was replaced suddenly by a more favorable one, freedom for African-Americans. There was a long period of politicization for incorporating free African-Americans into white society. Reconstruction also revolutionized the preconceived notion that the states ha d autonomous power. The Civil War and Reconstruction were revolutionaryRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1560 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the Civil War, the United States’ economy was essentially agricultural based; slavery in the South was the key player in its prosperous economy. Hence, it is no wonder the South stood in defense of slavery’s permanence when challenged with the demand for abolition. The Southern proslavery Confederate states fought against the Northern antislavery Union states during the Civil War. The Union prevailed in the war and once the Confederates seceded and left the United States with a new predicament:Read MoreThe Civil War : The Reconstruction1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe civil war ended in 1865 and what followed was a kerfuffle, otherwise known as â€Å"The Reconstruction.† This was a period of violence and turbulent controversy ranging from racial issues to economic problems. In the book Reconstruction, Eric Foner wrote that â€Å"When the Civil War ended, the white South genuinely accepted the reality of military defeat, stood ready to do justice to the emancipated slaves, and desired above all a quick reintegration into the fabric of national life. Before his deathRead MoreCivil War Reconstruction1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe period after the Civil War was a very difficult time in the United States history. This time was known as the Reconstruction period and it was a very controversial time. There were many issues that had to be addressed such as what to do with the free blacks in the south and how states would be readmitted to the Union. This era saw the rise of the Radical Republicans. The government was going through changes, southerners were going through changes, and blacks were going through changes. WhitesRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1054 Words   |  5 Pages As the civil war was ending many people could see that the odds of th e north winning increased dramatically however many people can argue this idea based on the several events that took place during the second phase of the civil war. Carl Schurz concluded, â€Å"The Civil War was a revolution, but half accomplished.†(Roark et al 434) Reconstruction started before the civil war ended until 1877, when people of the United States tried figuring out how to put the country back together. Many people hadRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction1357 Words   |  6 PagesCivil War/ Reconstruction - Following the Civil War, the United States underwent a huge process of reconstruction to unifying and reconstructing the war-torn state. The nation still remained utterly divided between North and South in essentially all aspects of life including religion, race, and government. President Andrew Johnson,who succeeded President Abraham Lincoln enacted various policies in order to unite the country. These policies included friendly policies that pardon ed Southerners whileRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War can be described as one of the bloodiest and gruesome war ever fought on American soil. The Civil War was fought between the Union and the Confederates. The Civil War lasted for 5 years and during that 5 year period many people ended up dying, 620,000 people to be exact and millions injured, but while the numbers can be appalling; it isn t even the beginning. The war led a schism to happen in the U.S, the whole country was divided and devastated. Abraham Lincoln the president who

In Vitro Fertilization free essay sample

Robert Edwards was awarded with the noble prize in Physiology or medicine in 2010 for the development of the in vitro fertilization. Robert started his research on the biology of fertilization in the 1950s. According to the Noble Prize, â€Å"Approximately four million individuals have so far been born following IVF. Many of them are now adult and some have already become parents. †(3) Many couples worldwide were infertile, until Robert Edward came up with In Vitro Fertilization. â€Å"Edwards and Steptoe established the Bourn Hall Clinic in Cambridge, the world ? s first centre for IVF therapy. † Around one thousand children were born at the Bourn Hall Clinic The Bourn Hall Clinic in Cambridge is where the In Vitro Fertilization therapy takes place. The first historic event took place on Tuesday evening, July 25th 1978 at 11:47 p. at Oldham General hospital when Leslie brown gave birth to Louise Brown with the help of Ivf. She was a healthy (C Section) Caesarian section baby weighing five pounds, twelve ounces after a full-term pregnancy. (3) Louise Brown was born with blonde hair and blue eyes. Leslie Brown and John Brown were married for nine years and unable to have children. The reason why she was unable to have children on her own was because her tubes were badly destroyed by scars and inflammation, not even surgery was able to help her. According to How to get pregnant,p197† All that was required was to take an egg from her ovary; mix it with her husband’s sperm in a test tube, and then transfer the three-day-old embryo into her womb for the next nine months into a full-term baby. This creating In Vitro fertilization took many years. The two doctors Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards tried many different techniques on animals before they were able to actually use it on a human being. This is what the doctor has to do ,â€Å" determining the composition of the fluid in which the sperm and egg were to bathed, figuring out the best time to remove and implant the egg, and establishing how to monitor the hormone levels of the mother prior of the egg all required years of patient effort. †Ã¢â‚¬  How to get pregnant,† p197 In the 1970’s In Vitro Fertilization was thought of as unethical because of the United States Government. The United States Government rejected to announce the Americas’ first IVF clinic, which was in Norfalk and Virginia. Political organizations were against In vitro because they felt it damages nature. In vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a procedure that occurs outside of the body. The first step of this process is on the males’ behalf, where as he has to masturbate in order to obtain the sperm. The woman takes hormones to stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs, which are retrieved through a needle, the man’s sperm in vitro fertilizes the eggs, meaning in glass. The fertilization occurs in a glass dish called the Petri dish, not a test tube in spite of the name commonly used â€Å"test tube babies†. The embryos are grown in laboratory incubators for about two days before being transferred through the woman’s cervix into her uterus. The embryos have to be implanted in order for the woman to become pregnant. When creating a test tube pregnancy many of the females’ fertilized eggs are wasted. Multiple pregnancies are possible during this procedure these multiple pregnancies solve fertility problems. Cyogenic technology is what doctors use to freeze and store embryos resulting from IVF, women will not have the risk of having multiple pregnancies. The woman’s embryos can be thawed safely when they want to get pregnant at a later date. With IVF doctors were able to freeze and thaw human embryos successfully, these embryos resulted into happy babies, until they recently it could not be successful. Young female cancer patients who have destroyed ovaries can have their ovaries removed, frozen and saved until they are later cancer free, and ready to have children. This can also be done with individual eggs. The back up plan for In Vitro Fertilization is Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is an injection of a single live sperm into the center of the human egg. This technique is for couples that have failed to fertilize with IVF. The female has to undergo ovarian stimulation with fertility medications so a number of mature eggs will develop. â€Å"These eggs are then aspirated through the vagina using vaginal ultrasound, and incubated under precise conditions in the embryology laboratory. † (1) A machine named centrifuging, or spinning the sperm cells through a special medium prepares the sperm. This separates the sperm. The single sperm is then inserted into a glass needle and then injected directly into the egg. According to University of California San Francisco Medical center, there are several risks associated with Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. â€Å"An increase risk of miscarriage, Heart problems for affected infants that may require surgery, Increased risk of behavior or learning disabilities, increased risk of infertility in your children during their adulthood. †(2) The Clinical importance of GnRH (stands for Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is considered a neurohormone, a hormone produced and released by the hypothalmus and controls the pituitary glands production of Gonadotropin. )release from the brain for In vitro fertilization. When the ovaries are stimulated to make more eggs by administering FSH (stands for follicle-stimulating hormone. This hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, FSH stimulates production of eggs and a hormone called estradiol during the first half of the menstrual cycle. In men, FSH stimulates production of sperm. †) the tremendous increase in estrogen production over a normal level can be an early increase in LH(stands for Luteinizing hormone. The LH blood test measures the amount of luteinizing hormone. LH is a hormone released by the pituitary gland. In women, an increase in LH levels at mid-cycle causes ovulation) secretion. All certified programs are required to report their pregnancy rate results to the government. This is to prevent unskilled programs from continuing their practice with out the costumer attentiveness. But these programs have unfortunately came to appoint where they have started a marketing competition between different IVF centers to see who has the highest percentage of pregnancy rates, and this is their way of luring their costumers and patients in. In the United States this is not unlawful but the IVF programs do this anyway. According to the book â€Å"How to get Pregnant† The official government admonition is† a comparison of clinic success rates is not meaningful because patient characteristics will vary from clinic to clinic†. This means younger women with many eggs have better chances and results then older women with few eggs. † The chart below shows the age group and the amount of eggs that for the women during their pregnancy and deliveries. P. 45 How to get pregnant, Fewer than 10 eggs| 10 or more eggs| Age| Pregnancy| Delivery| Pregnancy| Delivery | lt;30 years old| 50%| 44%| 66%| 61%| 0-35 years old| 44%| 30%| 56%| 46%| 36-40 years old| 33%| 19%| 48%| 33%| gt;40 years old| 19%| 10%| 47%| 26%| There are new techniques like the Gamete Intro-Fallopian transfer, the assisted transfer of the woman’s eggs and the man’s sperm to her fallopian tubes, where fertilization may take place naturally. (Page 203 How to get pregnant) With ZIFT (stands for Zygote Intro-Fer tilization. The egg and sperm are transferred to the fallopian tubes and fertilization occurs in the tubes) the egg and sperm are allowed to fertilize before being transferred to her fallopian tubes. According to the novel Pivate Choices Public Consequence improvements are being made to allow microsurgery on the egg. This surery can be used to assist infiltration by the sperm to allow fertilization. â€Å" In september 1993 a baby boy born in Atlanta became the first U. S. -born child to be concieved through the injection of a single sperm into the mother’s egg. †p. 203 How to get pregnant Minimal Stimulation Protocal was developed by Japan to simplify IVF for patients. Mini-IVF is a enexpensive procedure. Minimal Stimulation Protocol IVF aims to produce several eggs for retrieval; mini IVF uses weaker medications or lower doses of medications to produce only a few eggs. â€Å"Mini-IVF is designed to recruit only few (but high quality) eggs, thus avoiding the risks of Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), reducing the cost of drugs from an average of $4,000 to closer $400, reducing the number of injections, and completely avoiding the painful progesterone injections. † This is how the procedure works. The third day of your menstrual cycle, you start off with a 50mg dose of Clomid, do not stop in five days as medications or doctors may say. Continue taking the medications until your ultra sound shows the follicles to be ready for ovulation. Your next step would be to take a very low dose of gonadotropin (150 IU of FSH) is added on the eight, tenth and twelfth days. There are different steps to this protocol. The first is going on Lupron to suppress the pituitary. While staying on Clomid you will block estrogen from stimulating your pituitary to release LH. Meaning you can be inducted to ovulate with an injection or nasal sniff of Lupron. In doing this u will avoid the luteal- phase defect that is caused by HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) otherwise there is a requirement of progesterone monthly. The con to this procedure is that the Clomid has a temporarily negative effect on the uterus, because the Clomid blocks the estrogens support the development of endometrial lining. The expcnse of all of this technology is expensive. Thoes who have low income paying jobs are not able to afford these procedures and tratments. The average IVF cost is $12,000, but it may be as much as $15,000. It may be as low as $10,000. These prices are for one cycle of IVF. There will even be an additional cost for an ISCI treatment, which ranges from $1. 000 to $1. 500. Assisted Reproductive Technology the different procedures such as IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, and ICSI. These procedures involve egg donors, sperm donors, and a frozen embryo. When choosing an ART program the patient should have many questions about the cost, convenience and the details about the program, such as: 1. What screening tests are required, how much do they cost, and will my insurance cover these tests? 2. How much does the ART procedure cost including all drugs? 3. What is the payment plan? How much does it cost? 4. If my assurance accepts it will a bill sent to them? 5. What are the costs of embryo freezing, storage and transferring? 6. How long will this procedure take? 7. While you are in care how many physicians are involved in your care? 8. Are there people available at night to call, and if so whom? 9. How many eggs or embryos are transferred? In California a 34-year-old woman by the name of Nadya Suleman gave birth to octuplets. The octuplets where delivered by a team of forty-six doctors at the Kaiser Permanente Bellflower Medical Center in Bellflower. â€Å"The two girls and six boys ranged in weight from 1 pound, 8 ounces to 3 pounds, 4 ounces and totaled over 24 pounds. †(3) According to her interview on today NBC she is paying a large amount of money a month to support her 14 children including her octuplets, being that she is a single mom and not on public assistance.

The Challenges Facing Administration Motor free essay sample

Motor vehicle owners in Kenya were legally compelled to take out insurance against traffic accidents involving third parties in the mid 1940s under the Road Traffic Act (RTA). The history of public service vehicles (PSV) dates back to the late 1950s when there appeared a new form of taxi operating between the city centre of Nairobi and Makadara in Eastland of the city. The fare, irrespective of distance was thirty cents, the Kiswahili equivalent being â€Å"mapeni matatu,’ which was adopted as reference to this taxi and shortened to â€Å"Matatu† (Timbwa, 1985). The origin of Matatu industry can be traced from the type of transport system that operated in towns in the early 1960s. Initially, the Kenya Bus Service existed since 1934 as the sole legal provider of public transport services. It was jointly owned by the United Transport Overseas Ltd (75%) and the Nairobi City Council (25% of the shares). Public transport in Kenya, especially in urban areas is dominated by Matatu vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on The Challenges Facing Administration Motor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the early 1960s, the total number of Matatus operating in the country was less than 400 and operated in form of taxis. In 1973, President Jomo Kenyatta, responding to lobbying from Matatu operators declared that they were a legal mode of transport and could carry fare paying passengers without obtaining special licenses to do so but had to comply with existing insurance and traffic regulations (Aduwo, 1992). By 1990, of the 333,300 vehicles registered in the country, 17,600 were Matatus (Bhushan, 1993 cited in Muyia, 1995). By 2003, the number of Matatus operating in both urban and rural areas was estimated at 40,000 (Asingo, 2004). They comprised of Nissans, mini-buses and pickups. They provided employment to nearly 160,000 persons and generated vast revenue for the Government in form of charges for licenses, duty, VAT and other taxes. In addition, the industry plays a leading role in transportation of persons and goods in both rural and urban areas. Unfortunately, the industry’s vast growth has been accompanied by increasing road traffic accidents that have threatened safety of Kenyan travelers. The accidents increased by 182% from 3,578 in 1963 to 10,106 in 1989 and 11,785 in 1994 (Muyia, 1995). In these accidents, 2,014 persons were killed, 6,650 were seriously injured and 11,094 had minor injuries. The causes of the accidents included reckless driving, non-roadworthy vehicles, overloading and poor conditions of the roads. 1. 1. 1. Underwriting Underwriting is the selection and rating of risks by the insurer (Canner, 2007). There are various considerations that guide the underwriting process leading to the decision as whether to accept a given risk or not and if accepted at what premium rate. The key considerations in motor underwriting include; Use of the vehicle, District of garage, Make and type of the vehicle, seating and carrying capacity, the type of cover required, the driver’s details and the value and age of the vehicle. Use, refers to whether the vehicle is public hire or Private hire. District of garage refers to the address where the vehicle is normally garaged. Make and type of the vehicle specifies whether the vehicle is an Isuzu van, Toyota saloon, Mazda bus etc. Seating and carrying capacity refers to the number of passengers including the driver and the size of the engine. The type of cover required could be third party only (TPO), third party fire and theft (TPFT) or comprehensive. The driver’s details include age, sex, experience, conviction and accident history while the value and age of the vehicle refers to the sum insured and the year of manufacture of the vehicle. Passenger carrying vehicles are generally categorized into the following three classes for underwriting purposes; public hire vehicles, private hire Chauffeur driven vehicles and private hire self-drive vehicles (Canner, 2007). Public hire vehicles are licensed to ply for hire. They include vans, mini-buses and pick- ups. The vehicles are hailed in the streets though local bylaws restrict the waiting points of such vehicles. This class is regarded as the highest risk because of maximum use of the vehicle and drivers coupled with high levels of moral hazard. Private Hire Chauffeur driven vehicles are hired for passenger travel through the operator’s office or agency. The vehicles tend to cover extensive mileage with drivers working for long shifts. One sector of this class which is regarded as good is the prestige limousine arena where vehicles are used for wedding purposes, as hearses and for other private functions. Finally, Private Hire Self-drive vehicles are made available to the hirer. Regrettably the vehicles which fall under this class are misused by the hirers. To mitigate this, a pre and post-hire inspection is carried out by the owners of the vehicles (poll M. , et al, 2009). 1. 1. 2. Experience in Kenya Kenya, with an average of 7 deaths from the 35 crashes that occur each day, has one of the highest road fatality rates in relation to vehicle ownership in the world. Nearly 3,000 people are killed on Kenyan roads annually. This translates to approximately 68 deaths per 1,000 registered vehicles, which is 30-40 times greater than in highly motorized countries. Road traffic crashes are the third leading cause of death after malaria and HIV/AIDS and present major public health problems in terms of morbidity, disability and associated health care costs. Despite this huge burden, road safety measures in place are ineffective, characterized by crack downs on motor vehicles following tragic road crashes. These accidents have been occasioned by the government’s neglect of the road sub-sector in the past 10-15 years (Odero et. l 2003). Insurance companies in the country have been accused of operating like a cartel by agreeing on specific premium rates across the sector. Kimutai, (2009) argues that contrary to a free market economy, insurance companies fix the premiums instead of letting the market forces determine them. However Gichuhi, (2009) observes that the Association of Kenya Insurers (AKI) does no t set rates but advises members on what they can charge based on the statistics collected from both the local and international markets. Makove (2009) contends that motor risks are under his close watch due to a number of reasons. First, motor insurance, particularly third party risks, is compulsory. Secondly, companies that have collapsed have been motor underwriters. Premiums charged must be able to service claims, company expenses and commission to the agents as well as return a little element of profit for the company. Muhindi (2009) adds that even the Policy Holders Protection Fund will suffer because all companies will not accept to contribute to it if companies start going under because, say, PSV underwriters are not charging the right premiums. If an insurer collapses due to uneconomical rates, then obviously it shakes the public confidence in the industry in general. Omogeni (2009) observes that cartel or not, the process of setting insurance premiums needs a re-examination for the parties unhappy with the present system to not only get but also see justice being done. The insurance industry suffered a major setback when another motor underwriter, Standard Assurance Kenya Ltd, went under in 2008. The heavily indebted insurance firm was placed under statutory management over its inability to settle some Sh100 million in outstanding claims owed to policyholders and creditors. The closure followed closely on a similar incident involving another motor underwriter, Invesco, which closed its doors in 2009 but was resuscitated early in 2010. Other insurance companies which have gone under in similar circumstances are Kenya National Assurance in 1996, Access Insurance in1997, Stallion Insurance in1998, Lakestar Insurance in 2003 and United Insurance in 2006 (Okoth, 2009). Problems in the PSV underwriting business have remained intact since the Kenya Motor Insurance Pool collapsed in 1979. The PSV insurance sector, avoided by most insurers, is among the most affected by delays in reviewing the Insurance Act. The PSV insurance sector is seen as a cash cow for fraudsters or ambulance chasers, with elaborate networks that include unscrupulous medical personnel, motor repairers and spare parts dealers, police, lawyers and assessors, among others. This network is so well entrenched that it is attributed to the collapse of motor pools, an initiative that was meant to address weaknesses of the sub-sector (Okoth, 2009). Previously, there have been several unsuccessful attempts to address these challenges. The first compulsory Kenya Motor Pool was established in 1974 but it faced serious challenges, including the withdrawal of the state-owned KNAC in 1979 before it finally collapsed in 1984. A second motor pool was set up a year later before it was wound up four years down the line after being bogged down by huge liabilities (Timbwa, 2000). 1. 2. Statement of the problem More insurance companies covering public service vehicles (PSV) face the risk of collapse unless urgent measures are taken.